Ahead of the hearing before the Council of State, Greece’s Supreme Administrative Court, of the case of Charis Vasileiou, a conscientious objector whose application has been rejected by the Deputy Minister of National Defence, Amnesty International, Connection e.V., the European Bureau for Conscientious Objection (EBCO-BEOC), the International Fellowship of Reconciliation (IFOR) and War Resisters’ International (WRI) call on the Greek authorities to annul the decision of rejection and grant him a fair examination of his grounds for conscientious objection under an amended legislative framework in line with international human rights law, international and regional human rights standards and the recommendations of domestic human rights bodies.
Charis Vasileiou has applied in 2020 for conscientious objector status and in order to perform the (punitive) alternative civilian service. His application was based on his ideological pacifist beliefs originating from the fact that he has been raised in a family of Jehovah’s Witnesses, although he has never become a Jehovah’s Witness himself due to different views on other theoretical aspects of this belief.
His application has been rejected in March 2021 by the Deputy Minister of National Defence, after a recommendation by a special committee with military participation, on the grounds that his religious beliefs are not a result of a conscious choice and affiliation with the religious community of Jehovah’s Witnesses.
Vasileiou’s case illustrates two of the most problematic aspects of the legislation and practice concerning conscientious objectors in Greece: the lack of independence and impartiality of the procedures of examination of applications for conscientious objector status and the discrimination faced by certain groups of conscientious objectors on the basis of the nature of their beliefs.
The analysis of the five organizations of Charis Vasileiou’s case, national law and practice, on the basis of international law and standards and the recommendation of international and domestic bodies has found that the inadequate procedure of examination of applications for recognition of conscientious objectors is a violation of the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. And further, that the unequal treatment of conscientious objectors on the basis of the nature of their beliefs grounded on conscience, might constitute a violation of the right to equality before the law and equal protection of the law without any discrimination.
The final decision on applications for granting conscientious objector’s status is taken exclusively by one person, the (Deputy) Minister of National Defence[1] after a non-binding[2] recommendation of a five-member Special Committee consisting of a military officer, three university professors and one member of the State's Legal Council as president. The members of the Committee are appointed by a Joint Decision of the Minister of National Defence, along with the Minister of Economy and Finance and the Minister of Education.[3]
In practice, the Committee does not summon baptised Jehovah’s Witnesses having a certificate from their church, who are automatically granted conscientious objector status. This approach is the best practice according to OHCHR,[4] the Human Rights Council[5] and the only appropriate practice according to the European Parliament.[6] However, the Committee does not apply this to all conscientious objectors and summons those citing other religious grounds or ideological (non-religious) grounds for their conscientious objection. This differentiation has been considered by the Greek Ombudsman as “a standard practice of unequal treatment”.[7]
According to the Greek National Commission for Human Rights (GNCHR) referring to official figures from 2007 to 2015: “While the percentage of recognition of conscientious objectors on religious grounds is consistently about 96% to 100%, the percentage of recognition of conscientious objectors on ideological grounds is usually around or even below 50%.[8]
A person whose application has been rejected may appeal to the (Deputy) Minister of National Defence to change the decision (in practice, the appeal is examined by the same Committee, which recommends again to the Minister), and/or to the Council of State, that is the Supreme Administrative Court.
General international standards and recommendations of international bodies:
Recommendations of international and Greek bodies specifically to Greece
Greece has received numerous recommendations, even after the amendment of the legislation in 2019, which reduced the number of military officers in the special committee from two to one.[19]
Breaches:
Because of the inadequate procedure of examination of applications for recognition of conscientious objectors, there is a violation of the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion, as set out in Article 18 of the ICCPR, as well as that of Article 9 of the ECHR.
The current legislation on the examination of applications for alternative service continues to be in contravention of the recommendations of the UN Human Rights Committee by not requiring the new Special Committee to be wholly civilian and ensuring that the decision of granting conscientious objector status is not made by the Minister of Defence.[34]
General international standards and recommendations of international bodies:
Recommendations of international and Greek bodies specifically to Greece
Breaches:
The unequal treatment of conscientious objectors on the basis of the nature of their beliefs might constitute a violation of Article 26 of the ICCPR, that entitles all persons to equality before the law and equal protection of the law without any discrimination.
Amnesty International, Connection e.V, the European Bureau for Conscientious Objection, the International Fellowship of Reconciliation and War Resisters’ International make the following recommendations:
[1] Law 3421/2005, Article 62 para.1
[2] According to the decision of the Minister of National Defence No Φ.420/79/81978/Σ.300 (Government's Gazette B 1854/2005), Article 3, paragraph 6, the Special Committee gives not only the opinion but also a draft of a ministerial decision, but if the Minister of Defense disagrees with the content of this draft, another one is prepared according to his/her orders.
[3] Law 3421/2005, article 62 para. 2 as amended by Article 23 of Law 4609/2019.
[4] OHCHR, Conscientious objection to military service, Analytical report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, (A/HRC/35/4), 1 May 2017, para. 34. Available at: http://undocs.org/A/HRC/35/4
See also A/HRC/23/22, para. 48 and E/CN.4/2006/51, para. 36.
[5] UN Human Rights Council, Resolution 24/17 (A/HRC/RES/24/17), 8 October 2013, para. 7. Available at http://undocs.org/A/HRC/RES/24/17
[6] European Parliament, Resolution on conscientious objection and alternative service, (Α3-15/89), [known as Schmidbauer Resolution], as published in the Official Journal of the European Communities C291, 13 October 1989, para. Α (page 123) and para. 4 (page 124)
See also European Parliament, Resolution on conscientious objection, (1-546/82), [known as Macciocchi Resolution], 7 February 1983, as published in the Official Journal of the European Communities C 68, 14 March 1983, para. 3 (page 15).
[7] Ombudsman, Special Report 2013, “Combating discrimination”, p. 110. Available in Greek at
[8] Greek National Commission for Human Rights, Submission to the quadrennial analytical report 2017 on conscientious objection to military service of the UN High Commissioner of Human Rights (February 2017), p. 6. See also Addendum, p. 13-14.
[9] Council of Europe, Parliamentary Assembly, Resolution 337 (1967), Right of conscientious objection, paras. b2, b3, b4 και b5.
[10] Report submitted by Mr. Angelo Vidal d Almeida Ribeiro, Special Rapporteur appointed in accordance with Commission on Human Rights resolution 1986/20 of 10 March 1986 (E/CN.4/1992/52), 18 December 1991, para. 185. [Available through http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/FreedomReligion/Pages/Annual.aspx ].
[11] A/HRC/6/5, para. 22, available at: https://undocs.org/A/HRC/6/5, A/HRC/19/60/Add.1, para. 56, available at: https://undocs.org/A/HRC/19/60/Add.1, A/HRC/22/51/Add.1, para. 69, available at: https://undocs.org/A/HRC/22/51/Add.1
[12] OHCHR, Conscientious objection to military service, Analytical report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, (A/HRC/35/4), 1 May 2017, para. 17. Available at: http://undocs.org/A/HRC/35/4
[13] OHCHR, Approaches and challenges with regard to application procedures for obtaining the status of conscientious objector to military service in accordance with human rights standards, (A/HRC/41/23), 24 May 2019, para. 60 (g). Available at: https://undocs.org/A/HRC/41/23
[14] OHCHR, Approaches and challenges with regard to application procedures for obtaining the status of conscientious objector to military service in accordance with human rights standards, (A/HRC/41/23), 24 May 2019, pp. 14 and 15. Available at: https://undocs.org/A/HRC/41/23
[15] OHCHR, Conscientious objection to military service, Analytical report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, (A/HRC/35/4), 1 May 2017, para. 34. Available at: http://undocs.org/A/HRC/35/4
See also A/HRC/23/22, para. 48 and E/CN.4/2006/51, para. 36.
[16] UN Commission on Human Rights, Resolution 1998/77, Conscientious objection to military service, 22 April 1998, (E/CN.4/RES/1998/77), para. 2.
[17] UN Human Rights Council, Resolution 24/17 (A/HRC/RES/24/17), 8 October 2013, para. 7. Available at http://undocs.org/A/HRC/RES/24/17
[18] European Parliament, Resolution on conscientious objection, (1-546/82), [known as Macciocchi Resolution], 7 February 1983, as published in the Official Journal of the European Communities C 68, 14 March 1983, para. 3 (page 15). See also European Parliament, Resolution on conscientious objection and alternative service, (Α3-15/89), [known as Schmidbauer Resolution], as published in the Official Journal of the European Communities C291, 13 October 1989, para. Α (page 123) and para. 4 (page 124).
[19] Law 4609/2019, art. 23 amending para. 1 of article 62 of Law 3421/2005.
[20] European Court of Human Rights, Case of Papavasilakis v. Greece, (66899/14), 15 September 2016. Available at http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-166850
[21] UN Human Rights Committee, Concluding observations on the initial report of Greece, (CCPR/CO/83/GRC), 25 April 2005, para. 15. Available at http://undocs.org/CCPR/CO/83/GRC
[22] UN Human Rights Committee, Concluding observations on the sixth periodic report of the Russian Federation, (CCPR/C/RUS/CO/6), 24 November 2009, para. 23.
Available at http://undocs.org/CCPR/C/RUS/CO/6
[23] UN Human Rights Committee, Concluding observations on the second periodic report of Greece, (CCPR/C/GRC/CO/2), 3 December 2015, paras. 37-38.
Available at http://undocs.org/CCPR/C/GRC/CO/2
[24] Report by Mr Alvaro Gil-Robles, Commissioner for Human Rights, on his visit to the Hellenic Republic, 2-5 June 2002, CommDH(2002)5, para. 18.
[25] UN Economic and Social Council, Commission on human rights, Civil and political rights, including the question of religious intolerance, Addendum, Summary of cases transmitted to Governments and replies received, E/CN.4/2006/5/Add.1, 27 March 2006, para. 139. Available at: http://undocs.org/E/CN.4/2006/5/Add.1
[26] UN Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief, Communication GRC 3/2016, 31 October 2016
[27] UN Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief, Communication GRC 3/2019, 11 July 2019.
[28] OHCHR, Conscientious objection to military service, Analytical report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, (A/HRC/35/4), 1 May 2017, para. 53. Available at: http://undocs.org/A/HRC/35/4
[29] OHCHR, Approaches and challenges with regard to application procedures for obtaining the status of conscientious objector to military service in accordance with human rights standards, (A/HRC/41/23), 24 May 2019, para. 41. Available at: https://undocs.org/A/HRC/41/23
[30] Συνήγορος του Πολίτη, Ειδική Έκθεση 2013, «Καταπολέμηση των διακρίσεων», Κεφ. «Διακρίσεις λόγω θρησκευτικών ή άλλων πεποιθήσεων, παράγραφος «Εξέταση αιτήσεων αναγνώρισης αντιρρησιών συνείδησης», σελ. 110. Διαθέσιμο στο https://www.synigoros.gr/resources/docs/10-diakriseis.pdf
[31] Παρατηρήσεις της ΕΕΔΑ επί του άρθρου 12 του Σχεδίου Νόμου του Υπουργείου Εθνικής Άμυνας «Ρύθμιση θεμάτων μεταθέσεων οπλιτών, μέριμνας προσωπικού και άλλες διατάξεις» (Αντιρρησίες συνείδησης) (20.1.2016), σελ. 5, παρ. 4. Επίσης: Greek National Commission for Human Rights, Submission to the quadrennial analytical report 2017 on conscientious objection to military service of the UN High Commissioner of Human Rights (February 2017), p. 8.
Προτάσεις για το θεσμό της εναλλακτικής πολιτικής- κοινωνικής υπηρεσίας (2001), παρ. 7. Παρατηρήσεις επί του σχεδίου Δεύτερης Περιοδικής Έκθεσης της Ελληνικής Δημοκρατίας για το Διεθνές Σύμφωνο για τα Ατομικά και Πολιτικά Δικαιώματα (ΔΣΑΠΔ), 5.12.2013, σελ. 56.
[32] (in Greek) ΕΕΔΑ, Παρατηρήσεις επί των άρθρων 18, 21 και 22 του Σχεδίου Νόμου του Υπουργείου Εθνικής Άμυνας "Ρυθμίσεις Μέριμνας Προσωπικού Ενόπλων Δυνάμεων, 19 Μαρτίου 2019, σελ. 6. Available at: https://www.nchr.gr/images/pdf/apofaseis/antirisies_suneidisis/EEDA_paratiriseis_SxN_Antirrisies%20syneidisis_2019.pdf
[33] Greek National Commission’s for Human Rights (GNCHR) Stakeholder Report to the Universal Periodic Review (UPR) of Greece, UN Human Rights Council, 39th session, March 2021, para. 19. Available at: https://www.nchr.gr/images/English_Site/EllinikesEktheseis/GNCHR_UPR_Stakeholder_Report_2021_Final.pdf
[34] See Greece: Observations on the right to conscientious objection – “serious violations of Greece’s obligations towards conscientious objectors remain unaddressed in proposed bill despite some positive steps”
20 March, 2019, Index Number: EUR 25/0088/2019, available at: https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/eur25/0088/2019/en/
[35] OHCHR, Approaches and challenges with regard to application procedures for obtaining the status of conscientious objector to military service in accordance with human rights standards, (A/HRC/41/23), 24 May 2019, para. 60 (e). Available at: https://undocs.org/A/HRC/41/23
See also: Conscientious objection to military service, Analytical report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, (A/HRC/35/4), 1 May 2017, para. 64. Available at: http://undocs.org/A/HRC/35/4
[36] Human Rights Committee General Comment No. 22 (CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.4), 27 September 1993, ‘The right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion or belief (Art. 18)’, para. 11. Available at: https://undocs.org/CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.4
[37] E.g. UN Human Rights Committee, Concluding observations on the fifth periodic report of Belarus, (CCPR/C/BLR/CO/5), 22 November 2018, paras. 47-48. Available at: http://undocs.org/CCPR/C/BLR/CO/5
See also: UN Human Rights Committee, Concluding observations on the seventh periodic report of Ukraine, (CCPR/C/UKR/CO/7), 22 August 2013, para. 19. Available at: https://undocs.org/CCPR/C/UKR/CO/7
[38] UN Human Rights Committee, Concluding observations on the fourth periodic report of Azerbaijan, (CCPR/C/AZE/CO/4), 16 November 2016, paras. 34-35. Available at: http://undocs.org/CCPR/C/AZE/CO/4
[39] UN Human Rights Committee, Concluding observations on the second periodic report of Kyrgyzstan, (CCPR/C/KGZ/CO/2), 23 April 2014, para. 23. Available at: http://undocs.org/CCPR/C/KGZ/CO/2
[40] Human Rights Council resolution 24/17 (A/HRC/RES/24/17), 27 September 2013, para. 8. Available at: https://undocs.org/A/HRC/RES/24/17
[41] UN Human Rights Committee, Concluding observations on the second periodic report of Greece, 3 December 2015, (CCPR/C/GRC/CO/2), paras. 37-38. Available at http://undocs.org/CCPR/C/GRC/CO/2
[42] UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review, Greece, (A/HRC/33/7), 8 July 2016, recommendation 136.15 (Uruguay).
[43] UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review, Greece, Addendum, Views on conclusions and/or recommendations, voluntary commitments and replies presented by the State under review, (A/HRC/33/7/Add.1), 2 September 2016, p. 3.
[44] OHCHR, Approaches and challenges with regard to application procedures for obtaining the status of conscientious objector to military service in accordance with human rights standards, (A/HRC/41/23), 24 May 2019, para. 29. Available at: https://undocs.org/A/HRC/41/23
[45] OHCHR, Conscientious objection to military service, Analytical report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, (A/HRC/35/4), 1 May 2017, para. 53. Available at: http://undocs.org/A/HRC/35/4
[46] UN Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief, Communication GRC 3/2016, 31 October 2016, p. 2.
[47] UN Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief, Communication GRC 3/2019, 11 July 2019, p. 5.
[48] Συνήγορος του Πολίτη, Ειδική Έκθεση 2013, «Καταπολέμηση των διακρίσεων», Κεφ. «Διακρίσεις λόγω θρησκευτικών ή άλλων πεποιθήσεων, παράγραφος «Εξέταση αιτήσεων αναγνώρισης αντιρρησιών συνείδησης», σελ. 110. Διαθέσιμο στο https://www.synigoros.gr/resources/docs/10-diakriseis.pdf